Distinguish between: Tariff and Non-tariff Barriers Bilateral and Multilateral Trade

Distinguish between: Tariff and Non-tariff Barriers Tariff Barriers: These refer to taxes or duties imposed on imported goods. They raise the cost of imports and make domestic goods more competitive. Non-tariff Barriers: These are restrictions other than taxes, such as quotas, licenses, standards, and regulations that limit imports and protect domestic industries. Bilateral and Multilateral Trade Bilateral Trade: Trade agreement or exchange of goods and services between two countries. Multilateral Trade: Trade among more than two countries, often under international agreements like WTO. Small-Scale Industries require a shield against large-scale industries.

Column-I	Column-II
(a) Human Development Indicator	(ii) Constitutional Protection
(b) Demographic Indicator	(i) Rule of Law
(c) Special Economic Zone	(iii) Generation of additional economic activities
(d) Commune System	(iv) Collective industrialisation

Agro-startups and rural enterprises are becoming increasingly vital for rural development in India. They address the critical challenges faced by rural sector in India. These ventures bring in technological innovations such as precision farming, IT-based monitoring system and data-driven decision making tools that enhance productivity and resource efficiency. By streamlining supply chains and creating direct market linkages, they ensure better pricing for farmers and reduce dependency on traditional intermediaries. Such enterprises contribute actively to employment generation in the rural areas. The government has demonstrated a continuous policy and financial support for agri-startups and entrepreneurs through various programs like RKVY-RAFTAAR, the Agri- infrastructure fund and Agri-SURE.
On the basis of given text and common understanding, answer the following questions:

CBSE CLASS XII - 2025
Rural Development

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Read the following text carefully:
Union Food and Consumer Affairs Minister said that the Central Government has taken many proactive steps in the past few years to control retail prices of food items. He said that the government aims to keep inflation under control without compromising the country’s economic growth. Retail inflation inched up to a three-month high of 5.55% in November 2023 driven by higher food prices. Inflation has been declining since August 2023, when it touched 6.83%. 140 new price monitoring centres had been set up by the Central Government to keep a close watch on wholesale and retail prices of essential commodities. The Government has banned the export of many food items like wheat, broken rice, non-basmati white rice, onions etc. It has also reduced import duties on edible oils and pulses to boost domestic supply and control price rise. On the basis of the given text and common understanding,
answer the following questions: