Question

Describe the powers and functions of the President of India.

Hint:

Structure your answer: Executive–Legislative–Financial–Judicial–Diplomatic–Emergency and mention aid & advice (Art. 74).

Answer 1

Under Arts. 52–62, 74, the President appoints the Prime Minister and, on advice, Ministers; also Governors, CJI/judges, CAG, CIC, UPSC and ambassadors. As Supreme Commander, commissions the armed forces and conducts foreign affairs (treaties, accreditation). Legislative powers include summoning/proroguing Parliament, addressing joint sittings, assent to bills, returning non-money bills once, and Ordinance power (Art. 123). Financially, causes the Annual Financial Statement to be laid; Money Bills and demands for grants require prior recommendation. Judicially, may grant pardon, reprieve, remission etc. under Art. 72. Emergency powers cover National (352), State/President’s Rule (356) and Financial (360) emergencies. Though a nominal executive, the President has discretion in limited situations—e.g., appointing a PM when no clear majority exists (≈138 words).