Intelligence
Weight
Small size
Step 1: Identify the subject and key information
The question asks about the specific characteristic for which the Halari donkey, an endangered breed according to IUCN, is known.
Step 2: Recall or research information about the Halari donkey
The Halari donkey is a rare and endangered breed native to the Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India. It is primarily known for its distinctive intelligence and gentle nature, which makes it suitable for various tasks and easy to train.
Step 3: Evaluate the options
(1) Height: While height is a characteristic, the Halari donkey is not particularly famous for it.
(2) Intelligence: This aligns with known information about the breed's temperament and utility.
(3) Weight: The Halari donkey is not specifically known for its weight. (4) Small size: They are generally medium-sized donkeys, not particularly noted for being "small sized" as a defining characteristic. Therefore, its intelligence is the most distinguishing characteristic among the given options for which the Halari donkey is known.
The final answer is $\boxed{\text{Intelligence}}$.
Criminology is the scientific and jurisprudential study of crime, criminal behaviour, and the penal response of the state. It operates at the intersection of law, sociology, psychology, and public policy. Its foundational principle is nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege, stressing that there is no crime nor punishment without a pre-existing law. Traditional criminology was shaped by the Classical School, emphasizing free will and rationality. Influenced by Bentham’s utilitarianism, it viewed punishment as a deterrent mechanism, echoing audi alteram partem in demanding procedural fairness. In contrast, the Positivist School, focused on biological, psychological, and sociological causes of criminality, thereby shifting from retributive justice to rehabilitative models.
Modern criminology encompasses diverse domains like victimology, penology, white-collar crime, cybercrime, and transnational offences. The traditional ele ments of crime, mens rea and actus reus remain crucial. However, strict liability offences and corporate crimes often challenge this binary. With the advent of globalization, criminology now interfaces with international criminal law, human rights jurisprudence, and restorative justice. It aims to reintegrate the offender and provide restitution to victims. Furthermore, critical criminology interrogates how law disproportionately penalizes marginalized groups, reflecting concerns of penal populism, mass incarceration, and criminalization of poverty. This evolving discipline critiques not just criminal behaviour but the social construction of de viance itself.